■1 

A g 

0 5 

0  — s 
4— i 
8 ^ 

6  m 
1  s 

=^  5 

American  Local  Elalects 


By 
St.   Louis   Public   liibrary 


AMERICAN  LOCAL 
DIALECTS 


A  Series  of  Lists 

Compiled  by 

The  St.  Louis  Public  Library 

Second  Edition 


Price,  Ten  Cents 


St.  Louis 
1915 


J 


AMERICAN  LOCAL 
DIALECTS 


A  Series  of  Lists 

Compiled  by 

The  St.  Louis  Public  Library 


Second  Edition 


Price,  Ten  Cents 


St.  Louis 
1915 


Silpll  I 


PREFACE 

TO  THE  SECOND  EDITION 

'  I  'HE  following  lists  appeared  first  in  the  Moni/ily  Ihil/rtin 
■*•  of  the  St.  Louis  Public  Library,  beginning  in  February, 
1913,  and  ending  in  June,  1914.  They  were  assembled  in 
the  same  form  in  a  reprint  pamphlet  issued  in  1914,  in  which 
the  names  of  the  compilers  appeared  for  the  first  time.  In 
the  present  edition  the  type  has  been  re-set,  the  size  has 
been  altered  and  some  additions  and  changes  have  been  made. 

Each  of  the  lists  has  been  compiled  and  annotated  by  a 
person  familiar  with  the  local  peculiarities  of  speech. 

It  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  none  of  the  lists  is  in- 
tended to  be  complete,  and  that  the  annotations  are  primarily 
to  characterize  the  degree  of  accuracy  or  the  local  peculiari- 
ties of  the  dialect  used,  although  they  may  occasionally 
touch  on  other  points  of  interest. 

The  word  "dialect"  is  used  throughout  in  the  popular 
rather  than  in  the  strict  philological  sense. 


ARTHUR  E.  BOSTWICK 


St.  Louis  Public  Library 
August,  1915 


285199 


ST.  LOUIS  PUBLIC  LIBRARY 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 

Page 

Preface 3 

New  England,  by  Artluir  K.  Bostvvick 5 

The  Pennsylvania  German,  by  C.  C.  Ziegler 10 

The   Middle   West,   by   Clara   Chew . . 13 

Missouri,  /;\'  Wm.   Clark   Breckenridge 15 

The  Southern  States,  by  Mary  D.  Pretlow 19 

The  Creoles  of  Louisiana,  by  Helen  Tutt 25 

The   Cowboy  Country,  by  Genevieve   Pierson 29 

The  Negro,  by  Helen  Tutt 31 

Canadian  French,  by  Helen  Tutt 35 

Index   to   Authors 37 


AMERICAN  LOCAL  DIALECTS 


NEW  ENGLAND. 

By  Arthur  E.  Bostwick. 

Brown,  Alice.    By  oak  and  thorn.  914.2 

Country'  neighbors. 

High  noon. 

Meadow-grass. 

One-footed  fairy;  and  other  stories.  70 

Tiverton  tales. 

]Miss  Brown's  short  stories  of  New  Eng-land  have  more  humor 
than  those  of  :Miss  Wilkins,  and  although  without  the  broad 
humanit\-  of  I\Iiss  Jewett's,  are  in  some  respects  unsurpassed.  The 
dialect    (Massachusetts,   like   that  cf   Miss  Wilkins)    is  accurate. 

Churchill,  Winston.     Coniston. 
Mr.  Crewe's  career. 

The  scenes  are  laid  in  New  Hampshire  and  the  dialect  is  inci- 
dental, but  no  exception  can  be  taken  to  it. 

Cooke,  Rose  (Terry).     Somebody's  neighbors. 

Connecticut  dialect,  sometimes  acutely  and  amusingly  char- 
acteristic. 

Dix,   Edwin   Asa.      Deacon   Bradbury. 
Prophet's  Landing. 

Very  faithful  dialect.  An  attempt  to  indicate  clipped  pronun- 
ciation by  elision,  rather  more  than  is  usual,  gives  it  an  odd  look  as 
printed. 

Fuller,  .\nna.     Pratt  portraits. 

.\  little  thin,  but  homely  and  pleasant.  The  dialect  of  homely 
but  educated  persons. 

Greene,  S.  P.  (McLean).     Cape  Cod  folks. 

Vesty  of  the  Basins. 

Rollicking  dialect  somewhat  exaggerated  and  giving  the  im- 
pression that  the  auth  r  is  poking  fun  at  all  concerned.  The 
famous  libel  suit  elicited  by  "Cape  Cod  Folks"  showed  that  some 
of  the  originals  felt  this  impression  strongly.  Everything  is  very 
funny,  and,  barring  the  tendency  toward  caricature,  true  to  life. 


6  ST.  LOUIS  PUBLIC  LIBRARY 

Haliburton,  Thomas  Chandler.     Sam  Slick,  the  clockmaker. 

As  a  humorous  work,  this  was  once  highly  regarded,  but  hardly 
by  those  who  know  the  New  Englander  intimately.  It  is  a  c  llec- 
tion  of  newspaper  sketches  by  a  Nova  Scotian,  whose  Yankee  is  the 
stage  variety,  about  as  true  to  life  as  those  of  Captain  Marryat  and 
other  English  writers.  As  satire,  the  book  is  worth  reading,  be- 
cause it  shows  what  Yankee  foibles  a  Nova  Scotian  thought  it 
worth  while  to  ridicule  in  the  early  '30's. 

Holley,  Marietta.    My  opinion  and  Betsy  Bobbet's.  817 

Samantha  at  Saratoga.  817 

These  and  the  other  numerous  works  of  the  author  are  the 
literary  descendants  of  the  Widow  Bedott  and  the  best  of  them  run 
that  classic  a  close  second.  "Josiah  Allen's  Wife"  is  the  same  type 
of  woman  as  the  widow  and  says  the  same  kind  of  things.  Begin- 
ning with  pure  fun  the  series  finally  degenerated  more  or  less  into 
an  "informational"  type,  in  which  facts  about  the  World's  Fair 
or  European  travel  are  worked  in  to  make  the  books  "improving." 
The  dialect  goes  somewhat  further  than  Widow  Bedott  in  the  direc- 
tion of  caricature. 

Holmes,  Oliver  Wendell.    Elsie  Venner. 
The  guardian  angel. 

There  is  little  obtrusive  dialect  in  Holmes'  books,  but  it  is 
carefully  discriminated.  The  uneducated,  the  partly  educated,  the 
aristocrat,  the  farmer  and  the  city  dweller,  each  has  his  proper 
mode  of  speech.  In  no  books  is  the  speech  of  the  educated  New 
Englander   more    carefully    set   down. 

Howells,  William  Dean.     An  imperative  dut}\ 

The  Kentons. 

The  Lady  of  the  Aroostock. 

Landlord  at  Lion's  Head. 

The  minister's  charge. 

Rise  of  Silas  Lapham. 

There  is  not  much  dialect  in  Howells  but  many  of  his  char- 
acters are  made  to  use  New  England  idioms,  and  when  those 
represented  as  uneducated  depart  frrm  the  King's  English,  they 
do  so  in  ways  indigenous  to  New  England.  A  trick  peculiar  to 
Howells  is  his  use  of  italics  jn  a  dialectal  way,  to  denote  local 
peculiarities  of  emphasis. 

Jewett,  Sarah  Orne.    Country  doctor. 

Country  of  the  pointed  firs. 

Deephaven. 

King  of  Folly  Island,  and  other  people. 

Marsh  Island. 


AMERICAN  LOCAL  DL\LECTS  7 

Tales  of  New  England. 

Miss  Jewett  reproduces  the  New  England  atmosphere  more 
faithfully  than  any  other  writer.  Her  setting  is  the  part  of 
Maine  about  Deer  Isle  and  the  dialect  of  lier  characters  has  the 
Maine  peculiarities.  It  is  the  speech  of  persons  of  good  ancestry 
and  sound  ideas,  shrewd  and  kindly,  but  with  limited  formal  edu- 
cation. 

Kipling,  Rudj-ard.     Captains  Courageous. 

Seafaring  dialect,  having  little  in  common  with  the  ordinary 
Xew  England  idiom.  Some  of  it,  as  in  Disko's  version  of  "Skipper 
Ireson's  Ride,"  is  delicious.  The  Gloucester  fishermen  are  sym- 
pathetically drawn,  and  we  forgive  much  that  isn't  so,  because  it 
is  Kipling. 

Lincoln,  Joseph  Crosb3^     Cy  Whittaker's  place. 

Cap'n  Eri. 

Mr.  Pratt. 

The  dialect  is  of  the  seafaring  variety  and  rather  superficial. 
The  upper-class  characters  talk  rather  stilted  English.  Aims  to 
present  characters  of  the  type  celebrated  by  Jacobs  in  England. 

Lowell,  James  Russell.   Biglow^  papers.  811 

A  classic  in  Yankee  dialect.  There  is  an  Interesting  treatise  on 
the  subject  in  the  introduction,  but  the  acute  reader  will  find  that 
the  dialect  exemplified  in  the  "papers"  does  not  always  correspond 
with  the  explanation.  A  weakness  that  detracts  from  the  veri- 
similitude of  this  and  similar  work  is  that  the  letters  and  verses 
are  supposed  to  be  written  by  a  person  who  uses  dialect.  Such 
a  person  would  net  portray  his  own  aberrant  pronunciation.  He 
would  pronounce  "get,"  ait,  but  he  would  not  write  it  in  that  way. 
The  Biglow  Papers,  despite  their  deserved  reputation,  are  not 
written  as  a  dialectal  New  Englander  would  write  them. 

MacKaye,  Percy.    Yankee  fantasies.  812 

Interesting  episodes  in  dramatic  form.  The  dialect,  as  well  as 
the  Xew  England  character,  as  therein  portrayed,  is  somewhat 
fantastic.  The  work  of  a  keen  observer,  but  not  one  "to  the 
manner  born."  The  introduction  has  some  good  analysis  of  New 
England  peculiarities  of  speech.  Those  of  the  plays  are  mostly 
New    Hampshire    idioms. 

Page,  Thomas  Nelson.    Under  the  crust. 

.Short  stnries  of  the  Maine  coast.  Interesting  as  containing 
Maine  dialect  written  down  by  one  whose  work  has  generally  led 
him   into  a  different   field. 

Pool,  Maria  Louise.    Roweny  in  Boston. 

In  the  first  person. 

Against  human  nature. 

In  a  dike  shanty. 


8  ST.  LOUIS  PUBLIC  LIBRARY 

Sand  'n'  bushes. 

This  writer's  dialect  is  perfect.  If  her  stories  were  as  Rood  she 
would  occupy  a  high  rank.  Unfortunately  her  novels  are  of  the 
second  class  or  lower.  "In  a  dike  shant.v,"  which  is  not  a  novel, 
is  her  best  book  and  is  well  worth  reading. 

Reed,  Myrtle.   Lavender  and  old  lace. 

Amusing  sketches,  but  the  dialect  does  not  ring  true.  It  is 
that  of  the  amused  outsider.  Even  the  great  test  word,  "guess,"  is 
not  used   correctly.     Altogether   unconvincing. 

Richards,  Laura  E.    Captain  January.  70 

Mrs.  Richards  ought  to  know  New  England,  but  the  talk  of  her 
dialect  characters  seems  now  and  then  a  little  stagy. 

Sanborn,  Edwin  W.    People  at  Pisgah. 

By  a  brother  of  Kate  Sanborn.  This  book  is  pure  farce,  and 
its  dialect,  though  purposely  exaggerated,  is  delicious.  Not  so 
well  known  as  it  deserves. 

Sanborn,  Kate.    Adopting  an  adandoned  farm.  817 

Not  a  dialect  stor>',  but  the  dialect,  where  quoted,  is  good, 
though  reported  from   the  standpoint  uf  a  humorist. 

Slosson,    Annie     (Trumbull).     Dumb    foxglove;    and    other 
stories. 
Sketches,   consisting  largely  of  the  dialect   talk   of  rural  char- 
acters.    Dialect  mostly  that  of  Connecticut,  and  perfect  in  its  way. 

Smith,  F.  Hopkinson.    Caleb  West. 

The  author  is  always  interesting  as  a  teller  of  tales,  and  the 
old  diver  is  one  of  his  most  attractive  characters.  His  speech  is 
not  convincing  from  the  purely  New  England  standpoint,  and  possibly 
Mr.  Smith  did  not  intend  it  to  be.  Sailormen's  dialect  is  never  purely 
local:   they  pick  up  idioms  as  they  go. 

Stowe,  Harriet  (Beecher).    Poganuc  people. 

Oldtown  folks. 

Oldtown  fireside  stories. 

Mrs.  Stowe's  dialect  is  that  of  western  Connecticut,  which  she 
reproduces  with  accuracy  and  sympathy,  having  been  born  and 
reared  in  Liitchfleld,  where  her  father  Lyman  Beecher  was  long 
pastor.  The  whimsical,  dry  New  England  humor  crops  out  often 
in  her  sketches,  which  are  a  wholesome  antidote  for  the  one-sided 
view,  inspired  by  more  recent  writers,  that  life  in  New  England 
is  essentially  dreary  and  colorless. 

Swett,  Sophie.    Flying  Hill  Farm.  70 
Mate  of  the  "Mary  Ann."  70 

For  children.  The  dialect  is  that  of  one  or  two  characters 
introduced  for  humorous  purposes.     It  is  human  and  good. 


AMERICAN  IvOCAL  DIALECTS  9 

Trowbridge,  John  T.    Neighbor  Jackwood. 

Coupon  bonds. 

The   "Jack   Hazard'"   series    [for  boj's].  70 

Trowbridg-e's  dialect  (^Massachusetts)  is  very  accurate.  He  suc- 
ceeds especially  in  rendering  the  brief  mock-sententious  style  of 
talk  of  the  New  England  "hired  man,"  such  as  the  "Mr.  Pipkin" 
of  several  of  the  juvenile  tales.  The  author's  place  in  literature  is 
higher  than  is  usually  accorded  him. 

Waller,  M.  E.    Sanna. 

The  scene  is  laid  on  Xantucket  Island  and  the  dialect  is  sup- 
posed to  be  of  that  locality.  It  contains  English  provincial  forms 
never  heard  by  the  annotator  on  Xantucket. 

Wasson,  George  S.    Cap'n  Simeon's  Store. 

The  green  shay. 

— - — Home  from  sea. 

The  first-nained  book  contains  a  very  good  presentation  of  the 
talk  of  old  New  England  seafaring  men  around  the  stove  of  the 
general   store   at  a   "cove"    village. 

Wharton,  Edith.    Ethan  Frome. 

I'ure  tragedy,  with  just  sufficient  dialect  to  help  it  on  and 
localize  it.  The  idiom  is  never  used  as  a  comic  relief  and  is  not 
obtruded. 

Whitcher,  Frances  M.   Widow  Bedott  papers.  817 

A  dialectal  tour  de  force,  not  now  as  well  known  as  it  deserves. 
The  endless,  torrential  talk  of  a  wordy,  opinionated,  yet  shrewd  and 
kindly  old  Yankee  woman  could  not  be  better  set  down,  although 
the  whole  is  decidedly  caricatured.  Sets  the  pace  for  a  whole 
class  of  similar  books,  none  of  which  has  been  so  well  done. 

Whitney,  Mrs.  A.  D.  T.    Faith  Gartney's  girlhood.  70 

Mrs.  Whitney's  stories,  which  are  mostly  for  partly-grown  girls, 
were  once  highly  regarded.  They  have  a  certain  elephantine  play- 
fulness, and  their  background  is  correct.  This  and  the  incidental 
dialect  which  is  accurate  and  characteristic   make   them   valuable. 

Wiggin,  Kate  Douglas.    Rebecca  of  Sunnybrook  Farm. 

Rose  o'  the  River. 

I)ialect   introduced   chiefly  as   humorous  relief. 

Wilkins,  Mary  E.    Fair  Lavinia;  and  other  stories. 

Humble  romance;  and  other  stories. 

Love  of  Parson  Lord;  and  other  stories./ 

New  England  nun;  and  other  stories. 


10  ST.  LOUIS  PUBLIC  LIBRARY 

Pot  of  gold;  and  other  stories.  70 

Young  Lucretia;   and  other  stories.  70 

Miss  Wilkins  touched  her  high-water  mark  early,  in  her  reahs- 
tic  short  character  sketches  of  rural  New  England  life.  Her  dialect 
in  these  is  never  exaggerated,  very  characteristic,  and  never  ob- 
truded for  its  own  sake.  The  sad  side  of  New  England  life  is 
emphasized  in  these  stories,  and  one  needs  parallel  reading,  like 
Mrs.  Stowe's  "Oldtown"  books,  or  Sarah  Orne  Jewett's  stories, 
to  supplement  the  picture;  but  in  their  limited  field  the  tales  stand 
unsurpassed. 

THE  PENNSYLVANIA  GERMAN. 

By  C.  C.  Ziegler. 

The  Pfalzisch  Dialect. 

The  Pennsylvania  German  is  somewhat  akin  to  several  other 
German  dialects,  but  most  nearly  resembles  the  Pfalzisch,  its  rela- 
tion to  the  latter  being  that  of  daughter  to  mother.  For  the  great 
majority  of  Pennsylvania  Germans  were  immigrants  from  the 
Rhine  province  called  the  Palatinate,    Die  Pfals. 

In  confirmation  of  this  compare  Harbaugh's  Harfe,  Barter's 
Boonasticl  and  Ziegler's  Drauss  un  Dcheein  (see  below)  with  the 
Pfalfiisch  dialect   as   found   in   the   following. 

Barack,    Max.     Der    Drumbeder    vtin    Wallstadt.     Miin.,    F. 

Bassermann,   1880. 
Rheinschnoke;  Schnurrige  Erzahlungen  in  Pfalzer  jNIun- 

dart.     Stut.,  J.  Engelhorn.    n.  d. 
Paelzer  Duwack. 

Nadler,  K.  G.  Froehlich  Palz,  Gott  Erhalts!  Lahr,  M. 
Schannenburg,  1881. 

BOOKS  AND  ARTICLES  ABOUT  THE   DIALECT. 

Gibbons,  Mrs.  P.  E.    Pennsylvania  Dutch,  1874.  917.84 

Essays  on  manners  and  customs  and  the  dialect  of  the  Penn- 
sylvania Germans  with  special  reference  to  religious  sects  in 
Pennsylvania.  The  author  claims  to  have  lived  twenty  years  in 
Lancaster  County. 

Heydrick,  B.  A.  Provincialisms  of  Southeastern  Pennsylvania. 
(In  German  American  Annals.  Old  ser.  v.  9,  pp.  370-81. 
V.  10,  pp.  32-52.    1907-8.)  Ref.  973. 

Prettyman,  William.  Dialectal  pecularities  in  the  Carlisle  ver- 
nacular. (In  German  American  Annals.  Old  ser.  v.  9,  pp. 
67-79.   1907.  Ref.  973 


AMERICAN  LOCAL  DIALECTS  11 

BOOKS  WRITTEN  IN  THE  DIALECT. 

Bahn,  Rachel.    Poems.    1869. 

Contains  ten  poems  in  Pennsylvania  German,  mostly  sentimen- 
tal and  religious.  Not  well-  done  artistically.  The  verses  on 
"Vocal  ^Music"  begin:  "Wie  soothing  vocal  music  is!"  which  is  far 
from   being   Pennsylvania   German. 

Fisher,  H.  L.   'S  Alt  Marik-Haus  Mittes  in  d'r  Schtadt,  un  Die 
Alte  Zeite.   En  Centennial  Poem  in  Pennsj'lfanisch  Deutsch. 
1879.    (Illustrated.) 
The    English    Preface    contains    much    historical    and    linguistic 

matter.     The  Poems  are  descriptive  of  the  old  times  and  customs 

among  the  Pennsylvania  Germans,  and  are  rich  in  folk-lore.     The 

glossary  of  52  pages  is  valuable. 

Harbaugh,  Henrv  D.  D.  Harfe.  Gedichte  in  Pennsylvanisch- 
Deutscher.    Mundart.     [cl9021.  839 

This  is  the  pioneer  work  in  Pennsylvania  German  poetry  and 
still  stands  at  the  head.  The  book  contains  only  about  fifteen 
poems  but  they  are  of  sterling  quality.  "Das  alt  Schulhaus  an 
der  Krick"  and  "Heemweh"  are  the  longest  and  best.  Their  trans- 
lations into  English  by  the  author  are  of  great  value  to  students 
of  the  dialect.  Wherever  the  dialect  is  read  Harbaugh's  "Harfe" 
is  known  and  heartily  appreciated. 

Dr.  Harbaugh  was  very  popular  as  a  preacher  in  the  Reformed 
Church,  and  wrote  a  number  of  theological  volumes,  the  best 
known  of  which  is   "The  Future  Life." 

Harter,  T.  H.  Boonastiel:  a  volurne  of  legend,  story  and  song 
in  "Pennsylvania  Dutch."    1904.  839.4 

Humorous  and  philosophical  sketches  and  stories  reprinted  from 
the  Middleburgh  (Pa.)  Post  and  The  Keystone  Gazette,  Bellefonte, 
Pa.,  of  which  papers  the  author  was  editor.  The  sketches  are  very 
ably  written,  and  the  only  thing  detracting  from  their  philological 
worth  is  the  awkward  English  orthography. 

Holsbuck,  Solly,  pseud.    Pennsylvania  German  poems.    1906. 

These  verses  are  pervaded  by  a  rollicking  rural  humor  that  is 
doubtless  appreciated  by  the  countrymen  of  Mr.  Sawbuck.  The 
orthography  is  unfortunately  English  or  nearly  so,  and  that  of  some 
incorporated  English  words  is  nondescript. 

Ziegler,  Charles  Calvin.  Drauss  un  Deheem.  Gedichte  in 
Pennsylvanisch  Dietsch.    1891.  831. 

A  small  volume  of  nearly  forty  short  poems  and  translations. 
Among  the  subjects  are:  "Die  Alte  Lieder";  "Es  Schneckehaus" ; 
"Kitzel  mich  net!";  "An  mei  Peif";  "Dar  Rewwer  un  Ich";  "Dar 
Xadurgeischt."  "Zum  Denkmal"  is  a  series  of  poems  in  memory 
of  the  author'.s  mother,  written  in  imitation  of  Tennyson's  "In 
memoriam."  Three  sonnets  are  noted — a  rare  thing  in  Pennsyl- 
vania  German   poetry.     Among   the   translations   are  Longfellow's 


12  ST.  LOUIS  PUBLIC  LIBRARY 

"Snowflakes"  and  "Hymn  to  the  Night"  and  Bryant's  "Thana- 
topsis."  An  appendix  gives  peculiarities  of  Pennsylvania  German 
pronunciation  and   expression. 

STORIES  CONTAINING  THE  DIALECT. 

Martin,    Airs..    Helen     (Reimensnyder.)      The    betrothal    of 
Elypholate.    1907. 
A  collection  of  short  stories  of  Pennsylvania  German  life.   "The 
narrow  escape  of  Permilla"  is  especially  noteworthy.     Dialect  good. 

The  crossw^ays.    1910. 

A  Southern  woman  marries  an  "educated"  son  of  a  prosperous 
Pennsylvania  German  farmer  and  goes  to  live  among  his  people. 
The  story  is  chiefly  the  crossing  of  the  diffei-ing  temperaments  of 
husband  and  wife  and  the  final  adjustment.  Melodramatic,  char- 
acters  overdrawn,    dialect   good. 

His  cotirtship.    1907. 

A  college  professor  spends  a  summer  on  a  farm  and  discovers 
a  life  mate  in  Eunice,  an  adopted  daughter  and  houseliold  drudge, 
who  talks  like  a  book  when  she  speaks  at  all.  The  mystery  is 
explained  when  she  turns  out  to  be  an  heiress  from  a  cultured 
family  who  has  pursued  her  education  by  stealth  in  a  supposedly 
haunted   part   of   the   house. 

Contains  some  of  the  dialect  of  the  better  class  of  Pennsylvania 
Germans. 

Sabina;  a  story  of  the  Amish.    1905. 

Sabina  is  the  young  daughter  of  Levi  Wilt,  a  Pennsylvania 
German  farmer  of  the  Amish  faith.  That  she  is  not  "in  the  world" 
is  further  suggested  by  certain  psychic  phenomenon  surrounding 
her  which  add  mystery  to  her  simple  love  story.     Dialect  good. 

Tillie;  a  Mennonite  maid.    1906. 

A  strong  picture  of  the  growth  and  development  of  an  emotion- 
al child  and  her  constant  struggle  against  her  environment  among 
the  Pennsylvania  Germans.  Josepli  Getz,  the  father,  is  a  type  of 
the  prosperous  Pennsylvania  German  farmer  "wonderful  near"  find 
insistent  in  the  matter  of  parental  authority.  The  author  is  thor- 
oughly familiar  with  the  life  of  the  people  she  has  drawn  and  is 
at  her  best  in  this  book.     Dialect  very  good. 

Pattee,  Fred  Lewis.    House  of  the  black  ring.    1905. 

A  very  ordinary  story  of  a,  haunted  house  among  the  "Seven 
Mountains"  in  Pennsylvania.  Gives  some  manners  and  customs 
among  the  Pennsylvania  Germans  and  some  dialect  in  poor  form. 

Singmaster,  Elsie.    When  Sarah  saved  the  day.    1909.  70 

Sarah  was  a  sturdy  little  Pennsylvania  German  girl  who  be- 
lieved  "in   schooling." 

Left  alone  with  a  younger  brother  and  "the  twins"  she  held  the 
day  against  her  uncle  until  an  older   brother  William   came   home 


AMERICAN  LOCAL  DIALECTS  13 

to  care  for  them.  Told  with  vigor  and  in  the  dialect  of  English- 
speaking  Pennsylvania  Germans.  While  written  for  children  the 
book  has  considerable  literary  quality. 

When  Sarah  went  to  school.    1910.  70 

Continues    "When   Sarah   saved   the   day."     Contains  almost   no 
dialect. 


THE  MIDDLE  WEST. 

By  Clara  Chew. 

The  speech  of  the  iMiddle  West  is  easily  distinguished  in 
conversation,  but  it  is  characterized  by  the  inanner  of  pro- 
nouncing certain  words,  those  containing  the  letter  "r,"  for 
instance,  rather  than  by  the  use  of  an\'  idioms  pectiliar  to  the 
section.  For  this  reason  the  books  on  this  list  may  not  seem 
to  represent  the  ]\Iiddle  West  fairly,  since  only  books  that 
have  strongly  marked  dialect  have  been  chosen. 

Catherwood,  Mrs.  M.  (H.)  Mackinac  and  lake  stories. 

In  the.se  stories  of  the  French  and  Indians  and  the  early  fur 
traders  of  Mackinac,  the  author  gives  us  a  vivid  picture  of  the 
Lakes,    with   their  romantic    life. 

Eggleston,  E.   The  Graysons. 

Pounded  on  an  anecdote  of  one  of  Lincoln's  early  lawsuits.  His 
character  is  introduced  with  a  simplicity  which  is  refreshing  in 
contrast  M'ith  later  "hero-worshiping"  stories  in  which  he  appears. 
The  dialect  of  the  Illinois  farmers  is  very  good. 

Hoosier  schoolboy.  70 

Hoosier  schoolmaster. 

Both  these  stories  tell  of  backwoods  life  in  Indiana  "before 
the  war,"  but  they  are  not  otherwise  connected.  They  are  true  to 
life  in  dialect  and"  in  characterization,  according  to  a  man  familiar 
with  the  time. 

Gale,  Z.    Christmas. 

Friendship  Village. 

While  the  author  is  telling  the  everyday  life  of  a  Wisconsin  vil- 
lage as  one  of  its  inhabitants  would  tell  it,  she  shows  us  how 
must  interest,  how  much  comedy  and  tragedy  everyday  life  holds. 

Garland,  H.    Rose  of  Dutcher's  Coolly. 

After  he  has  said  on  the  first  page  that  Rose  is  an  exceptional 
girl,  the  author  feels  nt  liberty  to  take  her  where  he  pleases,  from 
a  Wisconsin  farm  to  the  most  exclusive  circles  in  Chicago  in  a  few 
vf-ars.     There  Is  little  dialect,   but  it  is  well  used. 


14  ST.  LOUIS  PUBLIC  LIBRARY 

Jackson,  C.  T.   The  midlanders. 

This  is  one  of  the  "truest"  stories  ever  written  about  the  Middle 
West,  in  spite  of  the  too  sensational  climax.  The  scene  is  southern 
Iowa,  but  such  towns  as  "Rome"  may  be  found  all  over  the  prairie 
states.  The  dialect  prevades  the  book,  without  being  unduly 
prominent. 

Kester,  V.    The  just  and  the  unjust. 

The  most  striking  and  original  person  in  the  small  Ohio  town 
of  this  story  is  the  boastful  little  lamplighter,  who  was  unwillingly 
dragged  into  so  many  real  adventures.  His  speech  is  typical  of  his 
class  in  a  general  way,  but  he  never  hesitates  to  invent  new  ex- 
pressions for  unusual  occasions. 

Neff,  E.    Miss  Wealthy,  deputy  sheriff. 

Miss  Wealthy  probably  never  used  the  dialect  she  is  accused 
of,  but  she  is  a  delightful  person,  as  are  all  her  companions,  even 
the  bank  robber. 

O'Higgins,  H.  J.   A  Grand  Army  man. 

Not  a  war  story,  as  the  title  suggests,  but  the  story  of  an 
Indiana  veteran  and  his  adopted  son.  While  the  events  are  not 
strikingly  novel,  the  characters  are  well-drawn,  and  the  old  stage- 
driver's  talk  is  well  represented. 

Parrish,  R.    Don  McGrath,  a  tale  of  the  river. 

The  "show  boats"  of  the  Mississippi  river  are  floating  theaters 
or  circuses,  and  their  arrival  at  a  river  town  causes  far  more  ex- 
citement than  the  coming  of  a  grand  opera  company  to  the  city. 
It  is  doubtful,  though,  if  the  private  lives  of  the  actors  are  as 
thrilling  as  those  of  the  show  people  in  this  story. 

Peake,  E.  E.    The  little  king  of  Angel's  Landing. 

"Angel's  Landing"  is  located  on  the  Ohio  bank  of  Southern  Illi- 
nois, a  section  of  the  state  which  has  been  neglected  by  novelists; 
and  its  little  king  is  a  child  who  was  crippled  in  the  steamboat  dis- 
aster from  which  he  was  rescued.  The  speech  of  the  people  and  the 
little  boy's  part  in  the  affairs  of  the  town  are  well  told,  and  there  is 
a  "happy  ending." 

Riley,  J.  W.     Neghborly  poems;  and  Dialect  sketches.     811 
Very  few  of  Riley's  works   would  be  out  of  place   in   a  list   of 
books    containing    Middle    Western    dialect,    for    he    can    set    down 
grown-up  people's  talk  as  well  as  he  can  write  children's  verses. 

Tarkington,  B.   The  gentleman  from  Indiana. 

A  political  story  in  which  the  editor,  who  is  always  prominent 
in  small  town  stories,  is  the  hero,  with  the  assistance  of  the  heroine 
who  took  charge  of  his  paper  in  a  crisis,  without  his  knowledge. 
The  dialect  is  that  of  the  various  classes  of  the  village  and  the 
slang  of  a  college  town  where  part  of  the  action  takes  place. 


AMERICAN  LOCAL  DIALECTS  15 

Thanet,  O.,  pseud.  Stories  of  a  western  town. 

These  stories  of  Iowa  life  are  told  by  an  author  who  has  the 
happy  faculty  of  making  us  see  and  hear  her  friends  as  she  saw  and 
heard    them. 

Thompson,  M.    Alice  of  Old  Vincennes. 

The  scene  of  this  historical  romance  is  the  Vincennes  of  the 
days  before  its  capture  by  George  Rogers  Clark,  and  though  the 
dialect  is  not  very  good,  the  manners  and  customs  of  the  time  are 
well  described. 

Watts,  M.  S.    Nathan  Burke. 

An  excellent  story,  both  in  matter  and  manner,  of  an  Ohio  town 
in  the  eighteen-thirties.  The  hero,  who  began  as  a  choreboy,  be- 
came prominent  and  wealthy,  and  dropped  altogether  the  uncouth 
speech  of  his  youth,  but  his  development  proceeds  very  naturally. 

MISSOURI. 

By  William  Clark  Breckenridge. 

Baskett,  James  Newton.    As  the  light  led. 
Onlj^  a  few  words  of  dialect. 

At  you-all's  house. 

Sweetbrier  and  thistledown;  a  story. 

This  latter  is  a  sequel  to  "At  You-All's  House,"  and  brings  in 
some  of  the  same  characters.  The  dialect  in  all  three  of  these 
books  is  the  dialect  of  ^Middle  Missouri — the  Counties  of  Audrain, 
Callaway  and  Boone.  These  counties  were  settled  principally  by 
people  from  Virginia,  Kentucky  and  Tennessee  and  their  dialect  is 
the  pure  Southern  dialect,  in  many  cases,  purer  English  than  is 
spoken  in  England  today.     Mr.   Baskett's  dialect  is  perfect. 

Beach,  Edgar  Rice.   Joshua  Humble,  a  tale  of  St.  Louis. 

Contains  some  good  dialect  which  might  more  properly  be  des- 
ignated the  vernacular  of  the  ignorant.  The  book  is  deficient  in 
dialogue,  but  contains  some  good  delineations  of  character  and 
careful  studies  of  motives.  The  home  of  Joshua  Humble  is  "The 
Old    Glasgow    Mansion." 

Carter,  John  Henton.    Duck  creek  ballads,  (poems.) 

Log  cabin  poems.  811 

The  log  of  Commodore  RoHingpin.    (Stories  and  poems.) 

817 

The  man  at  the  wheel.    (Short  stories.)  817 

Out  here  in  Ol'  Missoury.    (Poems.)  811 

Not  all  the  stories  and  poems  in  these  volumes  are  in  dialect. 
The  dialect  used  is  that  of  the  back-woodsman  and  riverman  in 


16  ST.  LOUIS  PUBLIC  LIBRARY 

their  palmy  days.  John  Henton  Carter  (Commodore  Rollingpin) 
was  a  part  of  this  river  life  from  a  boy  up,  and  no  one  was  better 
fitted  than  he  to  depict  it.  Carter  is  the  "Boswell"  of  the  back- 
woodsman and  riverman.  Books  dealing  with  life  on  the  Mississippi 
by  those  possessing  knowledge  are  few. 

Churchill.  Winston.    The  crisis. 

A  charming  story  by  a  gifted  writer  dealing  with  life  in 
St.  Louis  principally  before  and  during  the  Civil  War.  Not  elemen- 
tal enough  for  the  time  it  depicts.  It  is  to  be  regretted  that  a 
stronger  hand  did  not  wield  the  brush  with  which  this  picture  was 
painted.  He  was  a  native  St.  Louisan,  and  should  have  felt  more 
strongly  about  that  of  which  he  writes.  Historically,  he  is  slovenly 
and  inaccurate.  He  makes  use  of  what  purports  to  be  Negro 
dialect,  Southern  dialect  and  Yankee  dialect;  but  his  dialects  are  no 
more  historically  correct  than  his  facts. 

Clemens,  S.  L.    The  adventtires  of  Tom  Sawyer.  70 

An  appieciation  of  boyhood  by  one  who  had  once  been  a  boy 
himself  and  had  never  forgotten  it.  Shows  a  keen,  sympathetic 
understanding  of  the  genus  "boy"  and  a  profound  knowledge  of  the 
iTiotives  which  move  him.  The  book  is  largely"  autobiographical, 
hence  its  value.  It  contains  the  best  known  examples  of  a  boy's 
"trade-terms."  The  dialect  used  is  that  of  a  river  town  in  Mis- 
souri before   the   Civil  War. 

Mark  Twain  was  our  greatest  delineator  of  western  character 
and  possessed  to  an  almost  Shakespearean  degree  Shakespeare's 
rare  ability  to  endow  the  children  of  his  brain  with  life.  The 
characters  in  the  books  here  noted  are  made  f(  r  us  living,  sentient 
beings.  When  he  removed  from  the  West  and  became  the  clown 
of  the  East,  Mark  Twain  cut  loose  forever  frcm  all  creative  forces 
and  lost  the  opportunity  of  his  genius.  His  realization  cf  this  made 
him  pessimistic   in  his   later  writings. 

The  adventures  of  Htickleberry  Finn. 

A  continuation  of  the  life  of  Tom  Sawyer  and  his  friend  Huck, 
but  not  so  natural.  In  a  note  entitled  "Explanatory"  to  this 
volume,  Mark  Twain  says:  "In  this  book  a  number  of  dialects  are 
used,  to-wit:  the  Missouri  Negro  dialect;  the  extremest  form  of 
the  backwoods  Southwestern  dialect;  the  ordinary  'Pike  County' 
dialect  and  four  modified  varieties  of  this  last."  This  statement 
must  not  be  taken  seriously;  it  is  merely  a  sample  of  Mark  Twain's 
humor.  He  does  not  stand  high  as  a  dialect  writer,  although  some 
of  the  dialect  in  these  two  works,  namely,  that  of  the  uneducated, 
is    quite  good. 

Gildehaus,   Charles.     Hester   of   the   hills,   a   romance   of   the 
Ozark  Mountains. 

The  scene  is  laid  in  the  neighborhood  of  Wulfing's  log  cabin  on 
the  600  acres  he  owns  at  Stone  Mill,  15  miles  south  of  Arlington,  on 
the  Big  Piney  in  the  Ozarks.  The  dialect  is  poor,  so  pi  or  that  it  is 
not  even  the  vernacular  of  the  ignorant  and  is  not  always  con- 
sistent. It  is  used  principally  for  the  purpose  of  showing  the  wide 
social  gap  existing  between  the  "poor  white  trash"  to  which  the 
heroine  belonged  and  the  highly  educated  class  from  which  the  hero 
came.  The  ccntrasts  are  strong,  and  drawn  with  the  eye  of  an 
artist. 


AMERICAN  LOCAL  DIALECTS  17 

Hough,  F.merson.    The  purchase  price,  or  the  Cause  of  Com- 
promise. 

This  book  purports  to  give  a  picture  of  life,  in  the  edge  of  the 
Ozarks.  near  Ste.  Genevieve,  diiring  tlie  four  or  five  years  subse- 
quent to  1S50.  The  author  did  not  l<now  much  about  the  country 
of  which  he  writes.  His  dialects  (?)  consist  of  an  (imitation) 
Southern  dialect;  (imitation)  Negro  dialect;  (imitation)  German 
dialect;  (imitation)  French  dialect  and  (imitation)  French-Canad- 
ian dialect.  Fortunately,  there  is  very  little  of  any  of  these  many 
kinds  of  dialects.  The  talk  of  Hector  Fournier,  the  Creole  of  Ste. 
Genevieve,  is  a  good  e.xample  of  how  absolutely  incorrect  this  writ- 
er's dialect  is. 

The  way  of  a  man. 

This  novel  starts  with  life  in  Old  Virginia  shortly  prior  to  the 
beginning  of  the  Civil  War,  coming  next  to  life  at  Jefferson  Bar- 
racks and  then  taking  the  reader  up  through  a  series  of  adven, 
ture  into  the  Indian  country  and  a  campaign  against  the  Indians. 
Well  written  and  full  of  adventure,  but  characters  greatly  over- 
drawn. Mandy  McGov'ern,  from  Pike — as  she  calls  herself,  "the 
woman  of  ole  Rlissoury"  is  a  caricature.  Her  dialect,  as  well 
as  that  of  Auberry,  is  supposed  to  be  the  "Pike  County"  dialect, 
but  it  might  be  the  tongue  of  the  ignorant  in  any  pioneer  locality. 
The  Xegro  dialect  is  very  poor. 

King,  Willis,  M.  D.    Stories  of  a  country  doctor.  817 

There  is  but  little  dialect  in  these  tales  and  that  is  of  the 
pioneers  who  settled  the  central  and  western  parts  of  Missouri. 
As  a  picture  of  early  life  and  early  times  in  Missouri,  these  stories 
have  no  equal.  The  writer  was  born  in  Marion  County,  Missouri, 
in  1839.  He  knows  whereof  he  writes,  and  writes  whereof  he 
knows. 

LeConnor,    Hans   Patrick,    Pseud.    [Bowman,   Jacob    L.]    You 
and  Me.     (Short  stories  and  poems.)  817 

Contains  one  story — "A  Family  Man" — dialect  is  that  of  the 
Western  border  of  Missouri.  "Perkin's  Sukey  Ann  and  our  Liz"  is  a 
fine  example  of  phonetic  spelling.  The  other  stories  and  poems  are 
all  written  in  everyday  English — many  are  local  hits  and  of  no 
interest  now,  but  of  the  others  some  are  gems  in  their  way;  the 
best   is   "Hulda  Weaver." 

Monteith,  John.  Parson  Pirooks.  A  pkimb  powerful  hard- 
.slicll;  a  story  of  humble  southern  life. 
The  scene  <  f  this  stor.v  is  laid  in  the  heart  of  the  Ozark  JNToun- 
tains  and  the  people  of  this  wild  region  are  drawn  true  to  life. 
Parson  Prooks  is  the  best  character  study  yet  made  of  the  "native 
Missourian"  and  the  manners  and  customs  of  him.self  and  his  peo- 
ple are  faithfully  depicted.  The  dialect  is  the  true  Missouri  dialect 
and  the  author  not  onl.v  knew  it  perfectly  but  knew  how  to  spell  it. 
His  remarks  regarding  it  on  page  71  are  of  interest:  "The  South  has 
been  more  provincial  than  the  North;  even  moi-e  so  than  New 
England.     Their  manner  of  life  has  made  them  so.     And  the  poorer 


18  ST.  LOUIS  PUBLIC  LIBRARY 

classes  of  the  South  have  retained,  with  remarkable  accuracy,  some 
of  the  old  Saxon  words  that  have  almost  vanished  from  our  ordi- 
nary parlance."     This  is  the  best  Missouri  dialect  book. 

Saunders,  Ripley  D.    Colonel  Todhunter  of  Missouri. 

The  first  settlers  of  Missouri  came  from  Kentucky,  Virginia, 
Tennessee  and  North  Carolina;  consequently  much  of  the  Missouri 
dialect  is  really  a  good  example  of  the  pure  Southern  dialect.  This 
book  contains  some  very  good  dialect  as  defined  above.  The  author 
depicts  in  this  volume,  in  the  character  of  Colonel  Todhunter,  as 
true  a  gentleman  as  Thackeray's  Colonel  Newcome.  A  luvable  old 
Democrat  and  loyal  friend  was  the  Colonel,  and  his  campaign  of 
speech-making  through  Missouri  in  behalf  of  Colonel  Strickland, 
who  was  running  for  Governor,  is  pictured  with  rare  fidelity  and 
sympathy. 

Stanley,  Mrs.  Caroline  (Abbot).  Order  No.  11. 

This  is  an  historical  novel  dealing  with  life  in  Jackson  County, 
Missouri,  from  1859  until  shortly  after  the  close  of  the  Civil  War. 
The  historical  facts  stated  in  this  work  are  more  nearly  the  truth 
regarding  the  famous  "Order  Ko.  11"  and  the  incredible  hardships 
and  deaths  which  followed  its  enforcement,  than  the  official  reports 
made  by  Brigadier  General  Ewing  and  General  Schofield.  The 
characters  are  strongly  drawn  and  the  lights  and  shadows  are  b<  Id. 
There  is  not  much  dialect,  but  what  there  is,  is  "Southern"  and 
"Darkey"  and  very  good.  The  authoress  was  born  in  Callaway 
County,  Missouri,  in  1849. 

Stewart,  Charles  D.    Partners  of  Providence. 

This  work  sketches  life  on  the  Missouri  and  Mississippi  rivers 
and  their  river  towns  about  the  year  1874.  It  is  told  by  a  boy  in  the 
person  of  Sam  Daly,  who  is  a  unique  character  in  his  way.  The 
dialect  is  mostly  that  of  the  river  and  the  river  towns.  The  Negro 
and   Irish   dialects   are   both   good. 

Woerner,  J.  G.   The  Rebel's  daughter. 

This  book  contains  but  little  dialect — that  of  the  Ozark  region 
around  Springfield,  Missouri,  where  the  opening  scenes  are  laid. 
The  work  is  largely  autobiographical  and  brings  in  many  prom- 
inent characters,  among  them:  Henry  C.  Brockmeyer,  Denton  J. 
Snider  and  William  T.  Harris.  It  is  the  best  example  of  Missouri 
has  produced  of  a  novel,  both  philosophical  and  analytical.  The 
pictures  are  drawn  with  rare  fidelity  to  detail. 

Wright,  Harold  Bell.    The  Shepherd  of  the  hills. 

This  is  an  exceedingly  good  novel,  dealing  with  life  in  the 
Ozarks  of  a  region  nearer  to  civilization  than  that  depicted  in  Par- 
son Brooks,  but  it  is  as  true  to  life.  The  dialect  is  excellent  and 
is  that  of  the  people  of  this  region.  The  author  was  stationed  for 
three  years  in  the  edge  of  the  Ozarks;  he  was  both  a  preacher  and 
a  landscape  painter  and  knew  the  heart  of  man  and  nature's  heart 
as  well.  His  local  color  is  gcod  and  his  characters  keen  cut  and 
sharply  drawn.  The  contrast  between  Old  Matt  and  Young  Matt 
on  the  side  of  law  and  order  and  Jim  Lane  and  Wash  Gibbs  the 
Bald  Knobbers  (outlaws)  on  the  other,  is  an  instance  of  his  ability 
in  this  line.     Sammy  Lane  is  a  girl  one  will  not  soon  forget. 


AMERICAN  LOCAL  DIALECTS  19 

That  printer  of  Udell's. 

The  scene  is  laid  in  Southwestern  Missouri,  in  the  zinc  min- 
ing district.  The  dialect,  due  probably  to  the  difference  in  the 
characters,  does  not  impress  one  as  being  as  true  Ozark  as  in  the 
Shepherd  of  the  Hills.  Uncle  Bobby  Wicks's  dialect  is  consistent 
and  good.  The  Ozark  dialect  of  Mrs.  Falkner,  in  the  opening  chap- 
ter is  very  correct,  and  is  a  fair  sample  of  that  spoken  by  the 
people  of  this  region  elsewhere  in  the  book. 

Young,  Rose  E.    Henderson.    (Short  stories.) 

The  scene  is  laid  around  Kansas  City  and  Independence,  Mis- 
souri, but  might  as  well  have  been  anywhere  else  in  the  same  lati- 
tude, under  a  similar  civilization.  In  short,  local  color  is  lacking. 
There  are  not  over  a  dozen  words  of  dialect  in  the  book,  and  those 
are  not  correct. 

Sally  of  Missouri. 

A  story  of  life  in  the  heart  of  the  Ozark  Uplift,  about  thirteen 
years  ago.  The  characters  are  poorly  drawn.  The  author  does  not 
know  anything  about  the  dialect  of  this  region,  and  if  she  did  she 
would  not  know  how  to  spell  it.  The  Creole  dialect  is  spoken  by  a 
man  whom  tlie  hero,  Bruce  Steering,  characterizes  in  the  following 
words:  "I  have  met  great  numbers  of  miners — The  most  interesting 
is  a  man  named  Francois  Placide  DeLassus  Bernique,  an  old  chap 
of  education  and  refinement  from  St.  Louis,  who  states  that  he  was 
raised  in  French  St.  Louis  and  has  traveled  much."  His  talk  is 
neither  educated  nor  refined,  and  his  "Creole"  dialect  is  impossible. 
The  dialect  of  Piney  of  the  Woods,  the  tramp  boy,  is  an  attempt  at 
the  vernacular  of  ignorance,  and  even  then  is  neither  consistent  nor 
correct.  The  farmer,  miners  and  others  do  not  speak  the  dialect 
of  the  Ozarks  or  anywhere  else.    The  Negro  dialect  is  very  poor. 


THE  SOUTHERN  STATES. 

By  Mary  Denson  Pretlow. 

Banks,  Nanc}^  Huston.    Oldfield. 

A  story  of  Kentucky,  its  characters  being  the  children  of  set- 
tlers who  went  there  from  Virginia.  The  book  contains  very  little 
conversation  and  there  is  nothing  in  its  dialect  to  stamp  it  as  be- 
longing to  any  particular  section  of  the  South. 

The  spirit  and  traditions  of  place  are  finely  drawn. 

Round  Anvil  Rock. 

A  slight  but  rather  pretty  story;  the  dialect  is  Southern  but 
not   local. 

Barton,  William  Eleazar.    Pine  Knot. 

A  story  of  Kentucky  life  just  before  and  duiing  the  Civil  War. 
Rather  well  told,  most  of  it  in  excellent  dialect  of  the  "pooi- 
whites." 


20  ST.  LOUIS  PUBLIC  LIBRARY 

Bell,  Lillian.    Little  sister  to  the  wilderness. 

The  author  says  that  she  "was  at  some  pains  to  remove  all  of 
the  dialect  from  this  simple  tale"  so  far  as  she  thought  it  justi- 
fiable. In  doing  so  she  removed  most  of  the  c  lor  from  the  story. 
The  scene  is  laid  in  Tennessee  among-  poor  but  respectable  people. 
The  story  is  thin  and  the  dialect  not  particularly  local. 

Bonner,  Sherwood.   Dialect  talcs.  817 

The  humor  of  these  tales  of  Tennessee  and  the  Mississippi  River 
is  meant  to  be  rollicking  but  is  very  crude.  The  dialect  is  fairly 
good  yet  the  stories  fail  to  give  the  picture. 

Burke,  T.  A.,  cd.   Polly  Peablossom's  wedding.  (With  Thomp- 
son, W.  T.  Chronicles  of  Pineville.)  817 
These  Georgian  sketches,  at  the  time  of  their  publication,  were 
considered  humorous.     They  contain  excellent  Cracker  dialect. 

Burnett,  Frances  Hodgson.  In  connection  with  the  De  Will- 
oughby  claim. 

This  ncvel  is  not  Mrs.  Burnett's  best.  The  scenes  are  laid  in 
Tennessee,  Xorth  Carolina  and  Washington  City,  and  the  story  has 
the  author's  usual  appeal  to  the  emotions. 

The  dialect  is  not  very  characteristic. 

Cable,  George  W.  John  March,  Southerner. 

Mr.  Cable  speaks  truly  when  he  says  that  the  scene  of  his 
story  is  laid  in  the  "State  of  Dixie."  He  gives  us  a  composite  pic- 
ture of  "The  South."  The  dialect  is  wonderful,  and  the  conversa- 
tions between  the  white  and  the  colored  people  are  perfect  in  local 
color. 

Carter.    Mary  Nelson.    North  Carolina  sketches. 

Most  of  these  sketches  are  in  the  form  of  monologues,  and  the 
stories  do  not  amount  to  much.  The  dialect  is  that  of  the  common 
people  and  is  excellent,  but  to  get  the  full  effect  of  the  printed 
words,  the  reader  must  bear  in  mind  the  peculiar  whine  of  the 
uneducated   Xorth   Carolinian. 

Chesnutt,  Charles  Waddell.    House  behind  the  cedars. 

A  pitiful  story  of  the  love  affair  cf  a  white  man  and  a  mulatto 
girl.  South  Carolina  is  supposed  to  be  the  scene  of  much  of  the 
story,  but  the  dialect  is  that  of  North  Carolina  and  for  that  state 
is  very  good.  The  chief  interest  of  the  stoiy  is  in  the  negro 
author's  idea  of  the  psychology  of  the  white  man. 

Craddock,  Charles  Egbert.  Prophet  of  the  Great  Smoky 
Mountains. 

Where  the  battle  was  fought. 

In  the  Tennessee  Mountains. 

Ordeal. 

Charles  Egbert  Craddock  is  the  biographer  of  the  primitive  peo- 
ple of  the  Tennessee  mountains.     She  tells  us  of  their  hopes,  their 


AMERICAN  LOCAL  DIALECTS  21 

failures,  their  ideals  and  their  limitations,  and  she  never  lets  us  for- 
get the  relentless  mountains  that  enfold  them.  The  dialect  is  vivid 
and  convincing.  "Drifting  Down  Lost  Creek"  (in  "In  the  Tennessee 
Mountains")  is  perhaps  the  best  of  the  stories.  "The  Ordeal"  has 
little  of  the  haunting  charm  of  the  earlier  books. 

Dickson,  Harris.    Ravanels. 

This  story  contains  very  little  dialect  and  has  almost  no  literary 
value  but  should  be  included  in  this  list  because  of  its  very  South- 
ern atmosphere  and  point  of  view. 

Dixon,  Thomas,  jr..    Novels. 

The  best  of  these  stories  is  "The  Leopard's  Spots."  Xone  of 
them  contains  much  or  very  distinctive  dialect,  and  they  have  no 
literary  value,  but  they  form  practically  the  only  history  that  has 
been  w'ritten  of  reconstruction  days  in  the  South. 

Edwards,  Harry  Stilhvell.     His  defense,  and  other  stories. 

The  first  story  in  this  collection  ("His  Defense")  is  unsurpassed 
as  a  Southern  dialect  story.  Mr.  Edwards,  whether  using  his  own, 
the  Xegro  or  the  humble  Georgian  speech,  writes  with  sureness, 
delicacy  and  style. 

Elliott,  Sarah  Barnwell.    Durket  Sperret. 

A  tragedy  of  the  Tennessee  mountains.  The  scene  is  laid  near 
and  in  Sewanee.  The  dialect  is  excellent.  The  characters  are, 
most  of  them,  from  that  class  of  uneducated  but  proud  moun- 
taineers w'ho  can  trace  their  families  Vjack  much  farther  than  their 
more  pretentious  neighbors  who  live  in  luxury  beyond  the  moun- 
tains. 

Fox,  John  jr.    Little  shepherd  of  Kingdom  Come.' 

Hell  fer  sartain. 

Trail  of  the  Lonesome  Pine.  > 

The  three  titles  given  here  contain  perhaps  the  best  com- 
bination of  dialect  and  stories  that  IMr.  Fox  has  Avritten.  He  has 
a  sure  eye  for  the  dramatic,  and  he  feels  and  makes  his  reader  feel 
the  romance  that  is  a  traditional  part  of  Kentucky.  Tlis  dialect  is 
accurate  and  characteristic  and  at  the  same  time  very  picturesque. 

Furman,    Lucy.     Mothering   on    Perilous. 

Tales  of  the  people  of  the  Kentucky  mountains.  The  dialect  is 
rich  and  there  is  little  of  the  hopelessness  that  is  usually  found  in 
stories  about  mountain  folk. 

Glasgow,  Ellen.    Voice  of  the  people. 

Deliverance. 

Battle  ground. 

Miller  of  Old  Church. 

"The  Voice  of  the  People"  represents  the  author's  best  work, 
for   its  atmosphere   and   truth   to   the   character  of   the   people   she 


22  ST.  LOUIS  PUBLIC  LIBRARY 

depicts  is  perfect.  The  strength  of  Miss  Glasgow's  pictures  does 
not  lie  in  her  dialect.  It  is  rather  in  her  use  of  Virginian  expres- 
sions and  her  true-to-life  settings. 

Gray,  John  T.    Kentucky  chronicle. 

This  contains  some  rather  good  dialect,  but  it  is  entirely  inci- 
dental. 

Hall,  Eliza  Calvert.    Land  of  long  ago. 

Aunt  Jane  of  Kentucky. 

Stories  of  nice  but  exceedingly  provincial  people.  In  both 
stories  one  person  does  most  of  the  talking,  so  that  there  is  little 
variety.  There  is,  however,  a  good  deal  of  philosophy  and  some 
keen  insight.  The  dialect  is  gocd  but  belongs  no  more  to  Ken- 
tucky that  it  does  to  her  sister  states  Virginia,  Tennessee  and 
North  Carolina. 

Harben,  Will  N.    Novels. 

All  of  Will  N.  H'arben's  books  contain  Georgia  dialect  of 
which  this  author  is  a  master.  The  stories  themselves  are  well 
told  and  full  of  kindly  humor.  They  are  simple,  direct,  human, 
which  perhaps  accounts  for  their  great  popularity  with  men. 

Harris,  Joel  Chandler.     Shadow  between  his  shoulder  blades. 

Mingo. 

Free  Joe  and  other  Georgia  sketches. 

Joel  Chandler  Harris  wrote  nothing  that  is  in  any  way  com- 
parable to  his  Uncle  Remus  stories,  but  his  second  best  is  far 
ahead  of  the  best  work  of  most  dialect  writers,  and  these  Georgian 
sketches  contain  excellent  dialect.  The  best  story  is  "Free  Joe," 
in  which  the  white  people  appear  only  as  a  frame  for  the  darkey 
of  that  name. 

Harrison,  Henry  Sydnor.    Queed. 

Very  characteristic  of  Virginia,  but  of  dialect  there  is  little. 
Some  illiterate  talk.  ^ 

Harte,   Bret.      Colonel   Starbottle's   client. 

In  this  story  the  Southern  dialect  is  good  yet  it  is  the  way  it 
is  used  rather  than  the  dialect  itself  that  makes  it  convincing. 

Johnston,  R.  M.    Old  times  in  middle  Georgia. 

These  stories  are  slight  and  not  very  interesting  but  they  are 
full  of  local  colour  and  the  dialect  is  quite  perfect. 

Kester,  Vaughan.    Prodigal  judge. 

The  scene  is  laid  in  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee.  It  is  a 
pretty  good  story  in  spite  of  being  overdrawn.  The  characters, 
most  of  them,  use  "Southern  dialect"  and  use  it  naturally  and 
well. 


AMERICAN  LOCAL  DIALECTS  23 

Longstreet,  A.  B.    Georgia  scenes.     McAnally  Coll.  817. 

Characteristic  sketches,  once  widely  read  over  the  United 
States  and  still  eminently  readable.  The  author,  a  well  known 
Georgia  public  man  (1790-1870),  draws  a  perfect  picture  of  his  time 
and  his  dialect  is  of  course  faithful. 

MacGowan,  Alice.   Judith  of  the  Cumberlands. 

Wiving  of  Lance  Cleaverage. 

Written  by  one  who  knows  the  Tennessee  mountain  folk  and 
their  dialect  as  few  have  an  opportunity  to  know  them.  The 
stories  are  told  with  sympathetic  insight. 

Marriott,  Crittenden.    Sallj^  Castleton,  Southerner. 

A  very  readable  little  tale  of  war  time  in  Virginia.  The  dialect 
is  incidental. 

Page,  Thomas  Nelson.    Stories. 

Thomas  Xelson  Page's  stories  have  little  of  the  Virginia  dialect 
that  is  made  by  shortening  words  and  changing  the  sound  of  the 
vowels  and  the  c's.  His  is  a  dialect  of  expression.  His  character 
studies  are  fine.  Indeed,  he  does  not  create;  he  interprets  and 
photographs.  Sometimes  he  may  touch  up  the  negative,  but  never 
so  that  the  likeness  is  changed.  His  heroes  belong  "to  the  realm 
where  sincerity  dwells  and  the  heart  still  rules,  the  realm  of  old- 
time  courtesy  and  high  breeding." 

Page,  Walter  H.   The  Southerner. 

This  book,  written  by  a  distinguished  Southerner  about  the 
land  of  his  birth,  presents  so  interesting  a  point  of  view  that  it  is 
included  in  this  list  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  it  contains  very  little 
dialect. 

Parrish,  Randall.    My  lady  of  the  South. 

The  dialect  is  rather  good— more  "Southern"  than  local.  The 
speech  of  the  illiterate  characters  is  better  than  that  of  the  edu- 
cated ones. 

Pool,  Maria  Louise.  In  Buncombe  County  [North  Carolina]. 
So  sketchy  that  it  can  hardly  be  called  a  story.  It  is  inter- 
esting because  the  expressions  and  dialect  are  quite  true,  and  yet 
you  do  not  at  all  get  the  impression  that  Xorth  Carolinians  are 
speaking. 

Rice,  Alice  Hegan.    Mrs.  Wiggs  of  the  Cabbage  Patch. 

Mrs.  Wiggs'  dialect  is  as  perfect  as  her  philosophy  and  kind- 
ness. 

Rives,  Amelie,    Trix  and  Over-the-moon. 

Thi.s  story  has  little  literary  value  but  is  an  excellent  picture 
of  life  in  Albemarle  County,  Virginia,  and  contains  some  excellent 
dialect. 


24  ST.  LOUIS  PUBLIC  LIBRARY 

"Skitt'    [H.  E.  Taliaferro].    Fisher's  river  [North  Carolina]. 

817 
It  would  be  hard  to  find  a  truer  North  Carolina  dialect.  No  one 
could  possibly  doubt  the  author's  stateinent  that  he  "was  raised 
thar."  The  sketches  are  unfortunately  badly  handled  and  uninter- 
esting- 
Smith,  C.  H.    Bill  Arp's  scrap  book.  817 

This  author  is  still  popular  in  the  South  and  at  one  time  was  a 
great  favorite.  His  humor  and  philos.  phy  are  kindly  and  unevolved. 
The  dialect  (Georgia)  is  good  but  not  particularly  so. 

Smith,  F.  Hopkinson.    Colonel  Carter  of  Cartersville. 

Colonel   Carter's   Christmas. 

Taken  together  these  two  tales  make  the  best  Southern  story 
ever  written.  Colonel  Carter  and  Chad  must  also  be  taken  together, 
for  near  the  typical  Virginian  always  hovers  a  faithful  darkey.  In 
dialect,  atmosphere  and  feeling,   it  is  the  last  word. 

Stewart,  Charles  D.   Partners  of  Providence.  [Mississippi  Val- 
ley.] 
Written    in    the    slangy    lingo    that    belongs    to    no    part    of    the 
United  States  in  particular  and  to  all  parts  in  general.    Breezy  and 
entertaining. 

Stockton,  Frank  R.    Late  Mrs.  Null. 

This  supposedly  Virginian  story  is  too  Stocktonesque  to  sug- 
gest any  particular  state  or  locality. 

Stowe,  Harriet  (Beecher.)    Uncle  Tom's  Cabin. 

From  ^very  point  of  view,  dialect  included,  this  is  the  work 
of  a  stranger. 

Streeter,  John  Williams.    Doctor  Tom. 

The  scene  of  this  story  is  the  Appalachian  mountains  in  the 
South.  Feuds  and  lawlessness  abound.  Story  and  dialect  are  not 
bad. 

Stuart,  Mrs.  Ruth  McEner3\    In  Simpkinsville  [short  stories]. 
Mrs.  Stuart  is  a  master  of  Southern  dialect  as  she  is  of  humor 
and  pathos,  and  this  collection  of  her  stories  is  a  fine  example  of 
her  never  failing  art. 

Thompson,  W.  T.    Chronicles  of  Pineville.  817 

Of  no  literary  value  but  said  to  be  a  good  "picter,"  given  in 
dialect,   of  the   Cracker  of  fifty  years  ago. 

Tourgee,  Albion  W.    Fool's  errand. 

It  would  be  impossible  to  judge  of  the  accuracj'  of  this  story 
unless  one  had  lived  during  the  terrible  reconstruction  days  in  the 
South.  To  the  Southerner  of  today,  every  incident  and  word  in  it 
seems  foreign. 


AMERICAN  LOCAL  DIALECTS  25 

Watterson,   Henry,  cd.    Oddities  in   Southern  life  and  char- 
acter. 817 

A  collection  of  dialect  stories  by  Southern  humorists  In  some 
of  them  the  local  colour  is  perfect;  in  all  the  dialect  is  faithful 
Col.  \\  atterson  s  introduction  and  annotations  are  interesting  and 
valuable. 

Wister,  Owen.    Lady  Baltimore. 

This  delectable  story  contains  no  dialect  to  give  it  a  place  in  a 
dialect  list,  but  it  can  not  be  left  out  because  no  writer  has  more 
completely  caught  the  spirit  of  the  South.  Mr.  Wister's  insight 
IS  startling  and  his  wit  is  keen,  but  he  laughs  with— not  at— the 
Charlestonians  he  so  admirably  portrays. 

THE  CREOLES  OF  LOUISIANA. 

By  Helen  Tutt. 

The  Creole  dialect  is  the  patois  spoken  by  the  descendants  of 
the  French  and  Spanish  settlers  in  the  West  Indies  and  Louisiana, 
sometimes  modified  by  African  influences.  It  is  a  unique  ex- 
ample of  a  language  arrested  in  the  making.  Alcee  Fortier, 
Lafcadio  Hearn,  Alfred  Mercier  and  George  Cable  are  its  most 
distinguished  students  and  exponents.  Cable  gives  some  of  its 
characteristics  in  his  The  Creoles  of  Louisiana  as  follows. 

"Its  [New  Orleans']  languid  airs  have  induced  in  the  Creole's 
speech  great  softness  of  utterance.  The  relaxed  energies  of  a 
luxurious  climate  find  publication,  as  it  were,  when  he  turns 
final  k  into  g;  changes  th,  and  t  when  not  initial,  to  d;  final  p  to  b. 
drops  initial  h,  final  le.  and  t  after  /.•;  often,  also,  the  linal  d  of 
past  tenses;  omits  or  distorts  his  r,  and  makes  a  languorous  c  of 
all  s's  and  soft  c's  except  initials.  On  the  other  hand,  the  old 
Gallic  alertness  and  wire-edge  still  asserts  itself  in  the  confusing 
and  interchanging  of  long  e  and  short  i — sheep  for  ship,  and 
ship  for  sheep — in  the  flattening  of  long  i,  as  if  it  were  coming 
•through  cane-crushers,  in  the  prolonging  of  long  a,  the  intrusion 
of  uncalled-for  initial  h's,  and  the  shortening  and  narrowing  of 
nearly  all  long  and  broad  vowels. 

"The  African  slave  in  Louisiana — or,  it  may  be  more  correct 
to  say,  in  St.  Domingo,  before  coming  to  Louisiana — corrupted 
the  French  tongue  as  grossly,  or  even  more  so,  than  he  did  the 
Fnglish  in  the  rice  plantations  of  South  Carolina.  No  knowl- 
edge of  scholarly  French  is  a  guarantee  that  tlie  stranger  will  un- 
derstand the  'Creole'  negro's  gombo.  To  the  Creole  sang  pur  this 
dialect  is  an  incxhaustil)Ie  fountain  of  amusement     .     .     .     Fhe] 


26  ST.  LOUIS  PUBLIC  LIBRARY 

does  not  tolerate  its  use  in  polite  conversation,  and  he  is  probably 
seldom  aware  that  his  English  sparkles  and  crackles  with  the 
same  pretty  corruptions." 

Fortier  says  in  his  Louisiana  folk-tales:  "The  dialect  spoken 
by  the  negroes  in  Lower  Louisiana  and  known  by  philologists  as 
the  Creole  dialect  is  an  interesting  subject  for  study.  It  is  not 
merely  a  corruption  of  French,  that  is  to  say,  French  badly 
spoken,  it  is  a  real  idiom  with  a  morphology  and  grammar  of  its 
own.  It  is  curious  to  see  how  the  ignorant  African  slave  trans- 
formed his  master's  language  into  a  speech  concise  and  simple, 
and  at  the  same  time  soft  and  musical. 

WORKS  ABOUT  THE  CREOLE  DIALECT. 

Fortier,  Alcee.   Louisiana  studies,  pt.  II.  Customs  and  dialects. 

976.3 

An  exhaustive  and  interesting  study,  about  eighty  pages,  of  the 
Creole  dialect,  carefully  differentiated  according  to  locality,  and 
enlivened  by  anecdotes.  Alexander  DeMenil  says  "his  study  of  the 
Creole  dialect  is  simply  wonderful;  he  has  reduced  to  an  art  what 
was  before  individual  peculiarity;  he  actually  finds  a  grammar  for 
this   patois." 

Harrison,  J.  A.  The  Creole  patois  of  Louisiana,  (hi  American 
journal  of  philology,  v.  3,  pp.  285-296.)  Ref.  405 

Hearn,  Lafcadio.    Gombo  Zhebes;  little  dictionary  of  Creole 
proverbs,  translated  into  French  and  English,  with  notes. 

398.9 
This    study    contains    a    Creole    bibliography,    which    however, 
refers  chiefly  to  historical  and  descriptive  works  in  French. 

WORKS  OTHER  THAN  FICTION  CONTAINING  THE 
DIALECT. 

Bigelow,  J.    Wit  and  wisdom  of  the  Haytians.     (In  Harper's 
magazine,   v.  5L  1875.)  050 

When  John  Bigelow  went  to  Hayti,  in  1854,  his  chief  interest 
in  the  island  was  in  its  political  aspect,  but  he  became  interested 
In  the  proverbs  which  the  Creoles*  used  freely  in  their  conversation 
and  made  n  tes  which  he  elaborated  many  years  later  and  pub- 
lished in  a  series  of  four  magazine  articles.  The  sayings  are  given 
in  the  Creole  African  French,  with  his  English  versions  and  com- 
mentaries. 

Eustis,    Celestine.     Cooking    in    old    Creole    days,    la    cuisine 

Creole.  63c 

A    compilation    of    Creole    recipes,    given    in    both    English    and 

French,    with   words   and   music   of   Creole    songs,    accompanied   by 


AMERICAN  LOCAL  DIALECTS  27 

humorous  sketches,  interspersed.  ■V\'"eir  Mitchell  writes,  in  his  pre- 
face to  the  book,  of  "the  gay  songs  which  were  considered  need- 
ful to  be  sung  in  the  making  of  a  Ciumbo  or  of  a  Jumballaya  .  .  . 
JMany  will  be  charmed  by  the  pretty  little  songs  in  the  Creole  patois 
of  the  far  Southern  Kitchen." 

Fortier,  Alcee.  Bits  of  Louisiana  folk-lore.  15 
Louisiana  folk-tales  in  French  dialect  and  English  trans- 
lation. 15 
Collections  of  animal  folk-tales,  songs  and  poems  as  told  by  the 
negroes  of  Lower  Louisiana.  The  text  is  given  in  the  French- 
Negro  patois  and  is  followed  by  an  English  translation  and  critical 
notes  on  the  dialect.  B'rer  Rabbit  figures  as  the  wily  hero  in 
these  tales  under  the  French  title  Compair  Lapin. 

NOVELS  -\ND  TALES  CONTAINING  CREOLE 
DIALECT. 
Class  69B. 

Cable,  George  W.    Bonaventure,  a  prose  pastoral  of  Acadian 
Louisiana. 

Dr.  Sevier. 

Gideon's  band. 

In  the  mother  of  the  heroine  Mr.  Cable  has  drawn  a  charming 
picture  of  the   lovable  Creole   woman. 

The  Grandissimes. 

Old  Creole  days. 

Fortier  says  of  Cable  "He  is  a  novelist  of  some  talent,  especially 
in  his  short  stories,  and  presents  tableaux  with  force,  but  his 
descriptions  of  Creole  life  and  his  types  of  the  Creole  gentlemen  and 
lady  are  utterly  incorrect." 

Nevertheless,  the  best  known  and  first  known  tales  with  Creole 
dialect  are  those  of  Cable,  and  a  wide  audience,  unconscious  of 
what  may  seem  to  the  native  exaggeration  or  too  heavy  shading, 
has  delighted  in  Madame  Delphine  and  Narcisse,  and  all  the  others 
with  whom  he  has  peopled  his  romantic  New  Orleans.  As  he  was 
a  native  of  New  Orleans  and  lived  there  until  middle  life  he  was 
certainly  not  an  outsider  in  this  enchanted  city  which  he  has 
drawn. 

Chopin,  Mrs.  Kate.    Baj'ou  folk. 

A  night  in  Acadia. 

Two  volumes  of  short  stories,  some  of  them  only  a  few  pages 
in  length,  but  each  leaving  with  the  reader  a  distinct  picture  of 
Creole  life.  The  Creole  and  the  Negro  dialects  are  clearly  differen- 
tiated. "The  facilitv  and  exactness  with  which  Mrs.  Chopin 
handles   the  Creole   dialect,   and  the   fidelity  of  her  descriptions   of 


28  ST.  LOUIS  PUBLIC  LIBRARY 

that  strange,  remote  life  in  the  I^ouisiana  bayous,  is  remarkable. 
But  she  writes  of  (what  she  calls)  her  'own  people,'  for  by  in- 
heritance of  birth  and  by  marriage,  and  I  may  add — by  inclination, 
she  is  herself  a  Creole." — A.  N.  DeMenil. 

Hearn,  Lafcadio.    Chita,  a  memory  of  Last  Island. 

A  vivid  and  remarkable  story  which  contains  only  a  few  pages 
of  Creole  dialect,  but  anything  by  Hearn  should  be  included,  as  he 
is  a  master  of  its  variations. 

Youma,  the  story  of  a  West-Indian  slave. 

A  tragic  and  moving  narrative  of  the  devotion  of  a  Creole 
negress,  f  ster-mother  and  nurse  to  the  child  of  a  white  family 
of  high  position.  The  dialect  is  an  African-French  patois  which 
Hearn  calls  "the  soft  and  musical  speech  of  slaves." 

Jones,  Alice  I.    Beatrice  of  Bayou  Teche. 

The  story  of  a  slave  girl  of  Creole  and  Negro  parentage. 
Describes  the  plantation  life  on  one  of  the  Louisiana  bayous  and 
contains  some  Creole  dialect,   but  more  of  the  negro. 

King,  Grace  E.   Tales  of  a  time  and  place. 

A  collection  of  charming  stories  of  Creole  life,  some  of  which 
contain  a  little  dialect. 

Lesperance,  J.  My  Creoles,  a  story  of  St.  Louis  and  the 
southwest  twenty-five  vears  ago.  {In  Missouri  republican, 
Jan.-May,   1878.)  "  Ref.  071 

This  is  the  best  novel  yet  written  depicting  Creole  life  in  St. 
Louis,  many  of  the  localities  being  easily  recognizable  years  after- 
ward. The  characters  were  drawn  by  one  who  understood  the 
Creole.  —  (('.  C.  Breckcnridgc. 

Mercier,  Alfred.    L'habitation  St.  Ybars.  69e 

A  Louisiana  story,  in  which  life  before  the  war  on  a  large  sugar 
plantation  is  very  well  described,  Although  of  great  interest  as  a 
novel,  it  is  of  still  greater  importance  for  the  student  of  philology. 
Dr.  Mercier,  who  is  a  master  of  the  Creole  patois,  uses  it  freely  in 
his  book.  It  is  a  pity  that  the  book  has  not  been  translated  into 
English.  — Forticr. 

Stuart,  Mrs.   Ruth    (IMcEnery.)     The   river's   children. 

About  forty  pages,  the  introductory  and  concluding  chapters 
contain  a  great  deal  of  the  Acadian  Creole  dialect.  The  remainder 
of  the  book  is  rich  in  Negro  dialect.  Portier  characterizes  Mrs. 
Stuart  as  "one  of  the  most  gifted  of  Louisiana's  daughters."  Her 
Story    of   Babette    contains    a   little    Creole   patois. 


AMERICAN  LOCAL  DIALECTS  29 

THE  COWBOY  COUNTRY. 

By  Genevieve  Pierson, 

The  cow-boy  dialect,  which  consists  of  a  few  slang 
phrases  and  words  coined  by  the  cow-boys  in  response  to  the 
need  of  their  peculiar  work  and  mode  of  life,  is  not  used  to 
any  great  extent  by  the  most  popular  writers  of  Western 
stories,  such  as  Connor,  Grey  and  Bindloss. 

Bailey,  Mrs.  A.  (\V.)  The  sage  brush  parson. 

The  adventures  of  Clement  Vaughan,  in  clerical  coat  and 
Nevada  sombrero,  and  his  devoted  attempts  to  uplift  the  com- 
munity. The  incidents  are  real  and  amusing.  Very  little  dialect 
used. 

Bower,  B.  M.    Chip  of  the  Flying  U. 

Flying  U   Ranch. 

Flying  U's  last  stand. 

In  this  series  the  dialect  is  only  incidental  but  quite  accurate. 
The  activities  of  the  Flying-  U  Ranch  and  the  "Happy  Family"  get 
rather  tiiesome   in  the  third  book  of  the  series. 

Lonesome  trail. 

Long  shadow. 

Bower's  books  have  a  suggestion  of  Bret  Harte  and  sometimes 
of  Wister,  though  they  are  not  nearly  s  ■  well  done.  He  shows 
a  knowledge  of  the  country  and  cow-boy  life.  The  dialect  is  quite 
good. 

Coolidge,   Dane.     Hidden   water. 

Bat  Wing  Bowles. 

Coolidge  uses  dialect  freely  and  creates  a  very  natural  Western 
atmosphere.  The  story  of  Bat  Wing  Bowles  is  built  on  the  rather 
wornout  theme  of  the  Englishman  who  turns  cow-boy. 

Grey,  Zane.    Heritage  of  the  desert. 

A  story  of  the  Mormons  which  contains  inadequate  descriptions 
of  the  natural  wonders  of  Colorado.  The  dialect  consists  only  of 
an  occasional  word  peculiar  to  this  region. 

Henry,  O.,  pseud.    Heart  of  the  West. 

A  collection  of  short  stories,  very  readable  and  entertaining 
and  strikingly   human.     He  uses   little   dialect. 


30  ST.  LOUIS  PUBLIC  LIBRARY 

Hough,   E.    Story  of  the   cow-boy.  917.8 

Girl  at  the  Halfway  House. 

A  tale  of  striving  and  suffering  In  the  West  in  its  early  wilder 
days,  so  dear  to  the  true  Westerner  who  feels  with  the  hero  that 
"wild  yearning  to  follow  the  frontier  till  the  West  shall  sink  into  the 
sea  and  even  then  to  follow  until  he  comes  to  some  Fortunate  Island 
where  such  glorious  days  should  die  no  rhore."  The  dialect  is 
good,  but  occurs  rather  sporadically. 

Knibbs,   H.   K.    Sundown   Slim. 

The   dialect,    though   incidental,    is   natural  and  convincing. 

Lewis,  A.  H.  Sunset  trail. 

Wolfville. 

Wolfville  nights. 

These  are  all  stories  of  the  'West  in  the  earlier  days  when  the 
first  law  of  the  land  was   that  of  the  gun. 

The  slangy  illiteracies  more  or  less  common  to  men  of  this  class 
make   up   the   dialect. 

Mulford,  C.  E.    Hopalong  Cassidy. 

A  narrative  of  ranch  life  in  Texas  in  its  earlier  days.  The 
story  moves  along  amidst  a  great  deal  of  gunplay  and  local  slang 
which,  however,  seems  more  natural  than  the  dialect  generally  ern- 
ployed  in  Western  stories.  The  style  is  rather  crude  and  ama- 
teurish. 

and  Clay,  J.  W.  Buck  Peters,  ranchman. 

The  dialect  is  natural  and  the  local  color  good  in  this  exciting 
tale  of  early  Montana  days  when  the  rustlers  were  constantly  at 
work. 

Pattullo,  G.    The  untamed. 

A  group  of  short  stories  giving  a  very  amusing  account  of  a 
round-up  with  its  accompanying  trials  and  mishaps.  Only  a  slight 
sprinkling  of  dialect,  but  a  continuous  genuine  Western  atmos- 
phere. 

Raine,  W.  M.   Texas  ranger. 

The  hardships  of  a  state  ranger  in  Texas  when  the  rustlers 
were  constantly  in  evidence  and  the  only  rights  recognized  were 
those  of  the  strongest.  The  dialect  seems  a  little  forced  and 
unreal. 

White,  Stewart  Edward.    Westerners. 

Rules  of  the  game. 

White  is  the  best  of  the  writers  of  so-called  "Western  stories." 
His  style  is  good,  the  stories  have  plot  and  the  dialect  is  char- 
acteristic. 


AMERICAN  LOCAL  DIALECTS  31 

Wister,  O.    Lin  McLean. 
The  Jimmyjohn  Boss. 

The  dialect  in  this,  as  well  as  in  his  other  Western  stories, 
is  perfect  and  the  stories  are  full  of  a  dry  humor  which  seems 
characteristic  of  the  West.  He  shows  his  perfect  familiarity  with 
the   country   he  writes  about. 

Members  of  the  famil}% 

The  author  will  probably  never  do  anything-  to  compare  with 
the  Virginian.  Though  he  figures  from  time  to  time  in  this  volume 
the  reader  feels  that  the  added  touches  only  dim  the  first  im- 
pression. 

The  Virginian. 

Owen  Wister  has  a  more  sympathetic  and  natural  style  than  any 
other  writer  of  Western  stories,  and  the  Virginian  is  his  master- 
piece. There  could  never  be  another  Virginian  nor  even  another 
"Em'ly." 

THE  NEGRO. 

By  Helen  Tutt. 

Allen,  J.  L.    Flute  and  violin. 

Only  two  stories  in  this  collection  contain  negro  dialect,  but 
those  two,  King  Solomon  of  Kentucky  and  Two  gentlemen  of  Ken- 
tucky, are  such  masterpieces  of  characterization  and  dialect  that 
they  could  not  be  omitted. 

Cable,  G.  W.    Gideon's  band;  a  tale  of  the  Mississippi. 

A  stor.v  of  rival  shipowners  on  the  IMississippi  River  in  the 
palmy  days  of  steam  boats.  A  negro  nurse  is  an  important  char- 
acter  and   there   are   songs   of   negro   deck    hands. 

Calhoun,  F.  B.    Miss  Minerva  and  William  Green  Hill. 

The  dialect  of  this  amusing  little  tale  loses  none  of  its  force 
through  being  put  into  the  mouth  of  a  white  child  who  has  passed 
his  sh  rt  life  in  the  care  of  an  old  darkey  nurse  on  equal  terms 
with  her  own  numerous  brood.     The  scene  is  laid  in  Tennessee. 

Chesnutt,  C.  W.     The  conjure  woman. 

The  wife  of  his  youth,  and  other  stories  of  the  color  line. 

Stories  of  his  own  race  written  by  a  negro.  The  dialect  is  not 
confined  to  any  one  locality,  and  the  point  of  view  is  that  of  an 
educated  man,  keenly  alive  to  the  tragedy  of  the  negro. 

Christensen,  A.  M.  H.   Afro-American  folk  lore.  15 

A  variation  rf  the  legends  of  Brer  Rabbit  and  other  animals. 
These  are  the  tales  as  told  around  cabin  fires  on  the  Sea  Islands  of 
South  Carolina.  They  are  so  little  removed  from  the  African 
sources  that  untranslated  African  words  occur  in  many  places. 


32  ST.  LOUIS  PUBLIC  LIBRARY 

Church,  J.  W.     Deep  in  piney  woods. 

Not  especially  well  written,  but  interesting  as  a  study  of 
Voodooism  and  Voodoo  dialect  grafted  on  a  community  of  Georgia 
negroes. 

Clemens,  S.  L.    Adventures  of  Huckleberry  Finn. 

■ Pudd'nhead  Wilson. 

As  a  river  pilot  Mark  Twain  had  ample  opportunity  to  study  the 
negro,  and  his  stories  are  full  of  the  racy,  vigorous  Missouri  and 
Mississippi  River  dialect.  His  negroes  are  very  much  alive,  with 
all  their  racial  virtues  and  failings. 

Cooney,  D.  T.    A  study  in  ebony. 

Very  good  character  studies  of  the  negroes  in  central  Missouri. 
Their  modes  of  thought  and  philosophy  of  life  are  quite  accurately 
portrayed  in  the  monologues  of  the  old  woman  and  the  little  girl 
who  are  the  chief  characters. 

Culbertson,  A.  V.    At  the  big  house.  15 

Animal  tales  found  chiefly  among  the  negroes  of  Southeastern 
Virginia  and  the  Cherokee  Indians  of  North  Caiolina.  The  legends 
of  both  races  are  given  in  negro  dialect.  The  rabbit,  which  plays 
the  leading  part  in  so  many  of  the  stories,  is  always  Mr.  Rabbit 
in  the  Indian  versions,  and  usually  "Miss  Molly  Cotton-tail"  in 
the  negro  tales.     The  dialect  resembles  that  of  Harris. 

Dickson,  H.     Old  Reliable. 

Old  Reliable  is  a  crafty  old  Mississippi  darky,  whose  idiosyn- 
cracies  arq  shrewdly  depicted,  but  the  sketch  is  not  an  unkindly 
one. 

The  Ravenels. 

A  story  of  a  Mississippi  plantation  after  the  war. 

Harris,  J.  C.   The  chronicles  of  Aunt  Minervy  Ann. 

The  lively  chronicles  of  the  deeds  and  opinions  of  Aunt  Min- 
ervy Ann,  ex-slave,  cook  and  guardian  angel  of  a  Georgia  family, 
are  given  for  the  inost  part  in  her  own  words  and  a  dialect  that  is 
beyond    criticism. 

Nights  with  Uncle  Remus.  15 

Told  by  Uncle   Remus.  15 

Uncle  Remus  and  his  friends.  15 

Uncle  Remus,  his  songs  and  his  sayings.  15 

The  classics  of  negro  folklore  and  dialect.  Harris  and  Thomas 
Nelson  Page,  by  reason  of  sympathetic  comprehension  of  the 
negro  and  life-li  ng  familiarity  with  his  speech,  added  to  marked 
literary  ability,  easily  take  first  place  as  writers  of  negro  dialect. 


AMERICAN  LOCAL  DIALECTS  33 

Home,  M.  P.  M.    ^Mamma's  black  nurse  stories.  398.2 

The  author  of  this  collection  of  West  Indian  folklore  stories 
about  animals  says  in  her  preface  "The  negro's  quaint  broken 
English  people  new  to  the  country  find  it  rather  difficult  to  under- 
stand at  first,  and  a  short  glossary  has  therefore  been  inserted. 
It  is  curious  to  note  the  many  idioms  that  have  dropped  out  of  use 
in  England,  and  local  Scotticisms  that  survive  in  the  slow  soft 
speech  of  the  West  Indian  Creole." 

Jones,  C.  C.    Negro  m3'ths  from  the  Georgia  coast  told  in  the 
vernacular.  15 

The  stories  of  Buh  Rabbit  and  Buh  Wolf  and  the  Tar  Baby,  etc., 
are  told  here  in  a  very  distinct  dialect  peculiar  to  the  negroes  of  the 
awamp  region  of  Georgia  and  the  Carolinas.  ;More  akin  to  Chris- 
tensen's  stories  of  the  Sea  Island  negroes  than  to  the  inland 
narratives,  but  in  all  the  collections  the  moral  is  the  same,  "Buh 
Rabbit  too  schemy." 

Macon,  J.  A.    Uncle  Gabe  Tucker.  817 

Sentiments,  reflections  and  songs  from  the  negro  quarters.  A 
good  deal  of  shrewd  observation  and  philosophy  is  couched  in  the 
homely  darkey  dialect   of  Virginia. 

Owen,  M.  A.    Ole  Rabbit's  plantation  stories.  15 

There  is  in  Missouri,  as  "all  along  the  Border,"  a  mixed  race  of 
negro  and  Indian  descent,  who  have  inherited  a  vast  stock  of  the 
traditions  of  both  races.  ...  In  the  vast  amount  of  sorcery, 
magic,  medicine  and  fetishes  recorded  [in  this  book],  we  find  the 
African  Voodoo  ideas  very  strangely  mixed  with  the  Indian  .  .  . 
very  valuable  and  curious.  .  .  .  The  Negro-English  of  this  book 
differs  greatly  from  that  of  other  parts  of  the  U.  S. — Charles  God- 
frey Leland. 

Page,  T.  X.   In  ole  Virginia. 

Marse  Chan. 

Pastime  stories. 

Delectable  stories  of  Virginia  negroes,  so  faithful  to  the  dialect 
and  to  the  blended  qualities  of  shrewdness  bordering  on  slyness, 
loyalty  to  their  white  folks  and  lasting  affection  for  them,  that 
one  old  negro,  to  whom  Marse  Chan  was  read  aloud,  exclaimed 
"Lordy,  Boss,  a  nigger  must  'a  wrote  that." 

Pendleton,  L.  B.    King  Tom  and  the  runaways.  70 

A  good  story  for  boys  of  life  in  Georgia  before  the  Civil  War, 
which  very  accurately  poitrays  the  affectionate  relations  exist- 
ing between  the  white  families  and  their  negro  slaves.  The  dialect 
is  not  exaggerated. 

Pratt,  L.     Ezckiel. 

A  little  negro  boy  at  Hampton  Institute  is  the  central  figure. 
His  vivid  imagination  and  gift  for  narrative  in  a  dialect  from  which 


34  ST.  IvOUIS  PUBLIC  LIBRARY 

all  harsh  sounds  have  been  blurred  or  elided,  make  him  at  once 
the  joy  and  despair  of  his  teacher  and  the  conscientious  Northern 
woman  who  are  together  struggling  to  develop  the  visionary  into  a 
practical  member  of  society. 

Seawell,  M.  E.    The  victory. 

The  negro  dialect  in  this  novel  of  lowland  Virginia  is  only  inci- 
dental,   but   what   there   is   of   it   is   good. 

Smith,  F.  H.    Colonel  Carter  of  Cartersville. 

This  might  justly  be  called  Two  gentlemen  of  Virginia,  for  the 
old  negro  servant  is  as  admirable  and  lovable  as  the  Colonel.  The 
dialect  of  both  master  and  man  is  perfect. 

Stuart,  Mrs.   R.  (M.)    George  Washington  Jones. 

Moriah's  mourning. 

Napoleon  Jackson. 

The  river's  children. 

No  one  has  caught  the  humor  of  the  negro  more  accurately 
than  Mrs.  Stuart,  nor  contrasts  it  more  effectively  with  pathetic 
scenes.  Her  characters  speak  in  the  dialect  of  Arkansas  and  the 
lower   Mississippi. 

Thanet,  O.,  pseud.    By  inheritance. 

A  sympathetic  study  of  a  young  negro  of  mixed  race  who  has 
been  given  a  university  education  and  then  takes  up  his  life  in  a 
community  of  ignorant  blacks,  some  of  them  his  own  kinspeople. 
The  contrast  between  his  Harvard  precision  of  manner  and  speech 
and  the  easy  superstitious  nature  and  broad  dialect  of  the  Arkan- 
sas negro  is  well  drawn,  as  is  his  reluctant  comprehension  of  his 
own  inheritance  of  his  race's  weaknesses. 

Thruston,  Mrs.  L.  (M.)    Called  to  the  field. 

A  story  of  Virginia  home  life  during  the  Civil  War  in  which  a 
black  Mammy  and  her  son  play  important  parts  in  action  and 
dialogue.     The  dialect  is  life-like. 

Young,  M.    Behind  the  dark  pines. 

Mammy  tales  of  Brer  Rabbit,  Brer  Possum,  Mister  Mocking 
Bird,  Miss  Red  Bird  and  their  kin  who  live  in  that  delightful  land 
of  mystery  "Behime  de  dark  pines."  The  dialect  is  good  and  the 
stories  have  a  considerable  background  of  folklore.  They  are 
briefer  and  simpler  than  the  inimitable  Uncle  Remus  tales. 

Plantation    bird    legends.  j398 

The  stories  told  by  the  daughter  of  an  old  negro  woman  reputed 
to  be  a  witch,  on  a  plantation  in  the  far  south.  The  spirited 
illustrations  by  J.  M.  Conde.  which  follow  admirably  the  character- 
ization in  the  text,  add  to  the  interest  of  the  quaint  legends,  apho- 
risms and  songs  whose  origins  are  in  African  folklore  'in  "de  fur 
back  times."     The  dialect  is  distinctive  and  seems  good. 


AMERICAN  LOCAL  DIALECTS  35 

CANADIAN  FRENCH. 

By  Helen  Tutt. 

French  as  spoken  by  Canadians  of  French  descent  has 
claims  to  be  considered  a  dialect  in  itself.  The  books  listed  be- 
low contain  not  this,  but  English  as  spoken  by  French  Canadians. 
Dr.  Geo.  H.  Locke,  librarian  of  the  Toronto  Public  Library, 
writes  as  follows  in  answer  to  a  query  about  such  books : 

'"Let  me  say  that  there  is  a  very  decided  difficulty  in  the 
matter  of  books  containing  English,  as  spoken  by  the  Canadian 
French.  Dr.  W.  H.  Drummond's  poems,  and  E.  W.  Thomson's 
'Old  Man  Savarin'  are  practically  the  only  books  of  any  im- 
portance in  which  occurs  this  dialect.  The  Canadian  French  are 
very  jealous  of  their  own  language  and  literature,  and  there  has 
been  very  little  use  made  of  it  in  the  way  indicated  in  your  let- 
ter. For  instance,  Sir  Gilbert  Parker  is  supposed  by  many  to 
have  used  it,  but  it  was  rather  the  use  of  the  country  than  of  the 
language  itself.  There  are  of  course  many  magazine  articles  by 
people  who  think  they  are  using  the  dialect,  but  to  those  of  us 
who  have  had  any  experience,  their  efforts  are  very  much  beside 
the   mark." 

Amsbary,  W.  B.     The  ballads  of  the   Bourbonnais.    [cl904.] 

81L04 
A  collection  of  poems  in  the  French-Canadian  dialect  as  spoken 
by  descendants  of  a  colonj'  which  was  established  in  Kankakee 
County.  Illinois  by  settlers  from  Canada  about  the  middle  of  the 
last  century.  "Bourbonnais  is  a  typical  French  settlement,  with 
not  a  single  American  resident." 

Catherwood,  Mrs.  M.  (H.)     Mackinac  and  lake  stories. 
Dialect  in  one  story  of  the  collection. 

Connor,  R.    pseud.     Black  Rock. 

The  doctor. 

Man  from  Glengarry. 

The  prospector. 

In  each  of  these  books  one  minor  character  speaks  the  French 
Canadian    dialect. 

Parker,  Sir.  G.     Battle  of  the  strong. 

Lane  that  had  no  turning. 

Northern  lights. 

A  little  dialect  in  these  volumes. 


36 


ST.  LOUIS  PUBLIC  LIBRARY 


Saunders,  M.     Rose  a  Charlitte;  an  Acadian  romance. 

Thompson,  E.  W.    Old  man  Savarin,  and  other  stories. 

The  author  ranks  with  Drummond  as  a  writer  of  the  patois  of 
the   habitant. 


Drummond,  W.  H.     Poetical  work.    1912. 

The  great  fight;  poems  and  sketches.    1908. 

The  habitant;   and  other  French-Canadian  poems. 


811 
811 

1905. 
811 
811 
811. 


— — Johnnie  Courteau,  and  other  poems,    1901. 

Voyageur,  and  other  poems.    1905. 

Jamais,  dans  ce  portrait  d'un  nouveau  genre,  le  plus  subtil  des 
critiques  puisse  surprendre  nulle  part  le  coup  de  crayon  de  la 
caricature! — L.    Frechette,    in    his   Introduction    to    The    habitant. 


AMERICAN  LOCAL  DIALECTS 


37 


INDEX  TO  AUTHORS. 


Allen.  J.   L.   31 

Amsbarv.    \V.    B.,    35 

Kahn.   R.,   11 

Bailev,  Mrs.  A.    (W.)    29 

Banks,   N.   H.,    19 

Barack,  M.,   10 

Barton,  W.  E.,  19 

Baskett,  J.  N.,   15 

Beach.  E.  R.,  15 

Bell,  L.,  20 

Bigelow,  J.,  26 

Bonner,  S.,  20 

Bower.   B.   M.,  29 

Bowman,  J.  L.,  see  Le  Con- 
nor, H.  P..  pseud. 

Brown,   A.,  5 

Burke,  T.  A.,  ed.,  20 

Burnett,  F.  H.,  20 

Cable,   G.   W..  20.  27,  31 

Calhoun.   F.   B..  31 

Carter,  J.  H..  15 

Carter,  M.  N.,  20 

Catherwood,  Mrs.  M.  (IL), 
13,    35 

Chesnutt.  C.  W.,  20^  31 

Chopin,  Mrs.   K..  27 

Christensen.  A.  M.  H.,  31 

Church.  J.  W.,  32 

Churchill,  W..  5,  16 

Clemens,   S.   L..  16,  32 

Connor,   R..  35 

Cooke.  R.   (T.),  5 

Coolidge,  D..  29 

Coonev.  D.  T.,  32 

Craddock,  C.  E.,  20 

Culbertson,  A.  V..  32 

Dickson,  H..  21,  32 

Dix.  E.  A.,  5 

Dixon.    T.,   jr.,   21 

Drummond,  \\  .  II.,  36 


Edwards,  H.  S.,  21 
Eggleston,    E.,    13 
Elliott,    S.    B.,   21 
Eustis,  C,  26 
Fisher,   H.   L..    11 
Fortier,  A.,  7.  26,  27 
Fox.  J.,  jr..  21 
Fuller,   A..   5 
Furman.  L.,  21 
Gale,  Z.,  13 
Garland,   H.,   13 
Gibbons,  Mrs.   P.   E.,   10 
Gildehaus,   C,   16 
Glasgow,  E.,  21 
Grav,  J.  T.,  22 
Grey,  Z.,  29 

Greene,    S.    P.    (McL.),    5 
Haliburton,  T.  C,  6 
Hall,  E.  C,  22 
Harbaugh,  H.  D.  D.,  11 
Ilarben,  W.  N.,  22 
Harris,  J.   C,  22,  32 
Harrison.   H.   S.,  22 
Harrison.  J.  A..  26 
Harte.  B.  22 
Harter   T.    H.,    11 
Hcarn.  L..  26.  28 
Henrv.   O.,   pseud..  29 
Hevd'rick.   B.   A.,  10 
Hoi  ley.  M.,  6 
Holmes.  O.  W.,  6 
Holsbuck,   S.,   pseud.,    11 
Home.  M.  P.  M..  33 
Hough.    E.,    17.    30 
Howell s,  W.  D..  6 
Tackson,  C.  T.,  14 
Tcwett,  S.  O..  6 
Johnston.   R.   M..  22 
Jones.  A.  L.  28.  33 
Tones,  C.  C  33 


2H,5199 


38 


ST.  LOUIS  PUBLIC  LIBRARY 


Kester,  V.,   14,  11 

King,  G.  E.,  28 

King,  W.,  XI ^ 

Kipling,  R.,  7 

Knibbs,  H.  K.,  30 

Le   Connor,   H.    P.,   pseud.,    17 

Lesperance,  J.,  28 

Lewis,  A.  H.,  30 

Lincoln,  J.  C,  7 

Longstreet,   A.   B.,  23 

Lowell,  J.  R.,  7 

MacGowan,  A.,  23 

MacKaye,   P.,  7 

Macon,  J.  A.,  33 

Marriott,  C,  23 

Martin,  Mrs.  H.   (R.),  12 

Mercier,  A.,  28 

Monteith,  J.,   17 

Mulford,  C.  E.,  30 

Nadler,  K.  G.,  10 

Nefi,  E.,  14 

O'Higgins,    H.    ]..    14 

Owen.  M.  A..  15 

Page,  T.  N.,  7,  23,  33 

Page,  W.  H.,  23 

Parker,  G.,  35 

Parrish,  R..  14,  23 

Pattee,  F.  L.,  12 

Pattullo,  G.,  30 

Peake,  E.  E.,  14 

Pendleton,  L.  B.,  33 

Pool,  M.  L.,  7,  23 

Pratt,  L.,  33 

Prettyman,  W.,  10 

Raine,   W.   M.,  30 

Reed,  M.,  8 

Rice,  A.  H.,  23 

Richards,  L.  E..  8 

Riley,  J.  W..  14 

Rives,  A.,  23 

Rollingpin.      Commodore,      sec 

Carter,  T.  H. 
Sanborn,  E.  W.,  8 


Sanborn,  K.,  8 

Saunders,    M.,   36 

Saunders  R.  D.,   18 

Seawell,   M.   E.,  34 

Singmaster,  E.,  12 

"Skitt,"   24 

Slosson,  A.    (T.),  8 

Smith,  C.  H.,  24 

Smith,  F.  H.,  8,  24,  34 

Stanley,  Mr,y.  C.  (A).,  18 

Stewart,   C.    D.,    18.   24 

Stockton,  F.  R.,  24 

Stowe,  H.   (B.),  8,  24 

Streeter.  J.  W.,  24 

Stuart,  Mrs.   R.    (M.),   24,  28. 

34 
Swett,  S.,  8 

Taliaferro,  H.  E.,  see  "'Skitt.' 
Tarkington,  B.,  14 
Thanet,  O.,  pseud.,  15,  34 
Thompson,  M.,  15 
Thompson,  W.  T.,  24 
Thomson,  E.  W.,  36 
Thruston,  Mrs.  L.    (M.),  34 
Tourgee,  A.  W.,  24 
Trowbridge,  J.   T.,  9 
Waller,  M.  E.,  9 
Wasson,  G.  S.,  9 
Watterson,  H.,  ed.,  25 
Watts,  M.   S.,   15 
Wharton,  E.,  9 
Whitcher,   S.   M.,  9 
White,  S.  E.,  30 
Whitnev,  Mrs.  A.  D.  T.,  9 
Wiggin,  K.  D..  9 
Wilkins,   M.  E.,  9 
Wister,  O.,  25,  31 
Woerner,    J.    G.,    18 
Wright,  H.  B.,  18 
^'oung,   M.,  34 
Young,  R.  E..  19 
Ziegler,    C.    C,    II 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  AT  LOS   ANGELES 

THE  UNIVERSITY  LIBRARY 
This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  stamped  below 


DECS  ^1?« 

JDI  2  2  ^^A^ 

^IZ  2  01949 
N^  1  9  fd56 

fi^  a-t>  Rtuj 

MAY  1  6  f956 

M>R2e  l9Sp 


LO 
URL 


AUG     7 1975 


LOUS 


WREE  WEEKS  FRQW  Ul^^ 


^i^L  S  0  J952. 


RECEIVED 
<^'M/  20  1965 


^■9 


Form  L-9-20h!-8,'37 


6B 


10 


RECdff 


AT 


UC  SOUTHERN  REGIONAL  LIBRARY  FACILITY 


A 


PLEA^  DO   NOT    REMOVE 
THIS   BOOK  CARDJ 


University  Research  Library 


N 


'1     5 


